Complete solutions for 2020 MIT Missing Semester course
Read man ls and write an ls command that lists files in the following manner
-a-h-t--color=auto (Linux)/-G (macOS X)A sample output would look like this
-rw-r--r-- 1 user group 1.1M Jan 14 09:53 baz
drwxr-xr-x 5 user group 160 Jan 14 09:53 .
-rw-r--r-- 1 user group 514 Jan 14 06:42 bar
-rw-r--r-- 1 user group 106M Jan 13 12:12 foo
drwx------+ 47 user group 1.5K Jan 12 18:08 ..
Linux:
ls -lath --color=auto
macOS:
ls -lathG
1) Write bash functions marco and polo that do the following.
Whenever you execute marco the current working directory should be saved in some manner, then when you execute polo, no matter what directory you are in, polo should cd you back to the directory where you executed marco.
For ease of debugging you can write the code in a file marco.sh and (re)load the definitions to your shell by executing source marco.sh.
`marco.sh`:
```bash
#!/usr/bin/env bash
marco() {
export MARCO=$(pwd)
}
polo() {
cd "$MARCO"
}
```
Begin `marco.sh` with the shebang line for bash because `marco` and `polo` are defined to be bash functions. `export` command ensures the value `MARCO` is set to be an environment variable and not a local variable confined within the scopes of the `marco()` function only. This way `polo()` can read the value of `MARCO` defined outside its scope. `source` command is used to execute the file since `./marco.sh` will not be executed. (Permission Denied)
1) Say you have a command that fails rarely. In order to debug it you need to capture its output but it can be time consuming to get a failure run. Write a bash script that runs the following script until it fails and captures its standard output and error streams to files and prints everything at the end. Bonus points if you can also report how many runs it took for the script to fail.
`random.sh`:
```bash
#!/usr/bin/env bash
n=$(( RANDOM % 100 ))
if [[ n -eq 42 ]]; then
echo "Something went wrong"
>&2 echo "The error was using magic numbers"
exit 1
fi
echo "Everything went according to plan"
```
`debug.sh`:
```bash
#!/usr/bin/env bash
count=0
until [[ "$?" -ne 0 ]];
do
count=$((count+1))
./random.sh &> out.txt
done
echo "found error after $count runs"
cat out.txt
```
Perform an `until` loop until `random.sh` encounters `n` that is equal to `42` and return `1`. Until then, update `count` iteratively and write both its standard output and error streams to `out.txt` by `&>` command. When the loop breaks, it will echo the `count` on how many runs it took for the script to fail, and prints `out.txt`, which should read "Something went wrong The error was using magic numbers".
Type the below command to ensure `random.sh` and `debug.sh` are executable.
```
chmod +x *.sh
./debug.sh
```
1) As we covered in the lecture find’s -exec can be very powerful for performing operations over the files we are searching for.
However, what if we want to do something with all the files, like creating a zip file?
As you have seen so far commands will take input from both arguments and STDIN.
When piping commands, we are connecting STDOUT to STDIN, but some commands like tar take inputs from arguments.
To bridge this disconnect there’s the xargs command which will execute a command using STDIN as arguments.
For example ls | xargs rm will delete the files in the current directory.
Your task is to write a command that recursively finds all HTML files in the folder and makes a zip with them. Note that your command should work even if the files have spaces (hint: check `-d` flag for `xargs`)
Linux:
```
find . -type f -name "*.html" | xargs -d '\n' tar -cvzf archive.tar.gz
```
(`-d '\n'` uses a newline as delimiter to split file names)
macOS:
```
find . -type f -name "*.html" -print0 | xargs -0 tar -cvzf archive.tar.gz
```
(`-print0` uses a null character to split file names, and `-0` uses it as delimiter)
(Advanced) Write a command or script to recursively find the most recently modified file in a directory. More generally, can you list all files by recency?
find . -type f | ls -t | head -n 1